Gold Ready to Cushion Hard Landing

Testing new technical levels

The gold price experienced a significant, and possibly historic breakout in June. We have commented extensively about the long six-year base that had formed around the price of gold in the US$1,200 to US$1,300 per ounce range. The technical price ceiling over this base period was US$1,365 per ounce. In June, gold blew through two formidable technical barriers. The first was US$1,365 on June 20, followed by US$1,400 the next day. It reached a six-year high of US$1,439 on June 28 and ended the month at US$1,409.55 for a gain of US$103.97 (8.0%).

The breakout in gold prices was a global effort. The move through the technical barriers at US$1,365 and US$1,400, as well as the US$1,439 high, all occurred during Asian trading hours. Support and momentum continued as trading moved to London and New York. Holdings in global bullion ETFs climbed to six-year highs, and June saw the largest monthly inflows in three years.

Gold stocks came to life, and the earnings leverage to the gold price that they are known for, historically, was on full display. The NYSE Arca Gold Miners Index jumped by 17.4%, its highest level in nearly three years. The MVIS Global Junior Gold Miners Index gained 17.8% to reach a 21-month high.

“Race to the bottom” fuels fundamentals

There were several fundamental drivers that enabled gold to break out. Gold saw gains early in the month from continuing US-China trade tensions, as well as comments from US Federal Reserve (Fed) officials voicing concerns over the economy. Throughout the month, there was a steady stream of weakening manufacturing data, beginning with the Institute for Supply Management (ISM) Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) in the US and German industrial production.  Chinese authorities were also reported to be trying to contain the fallout from the failure of Baoshang Bank, as brokerages and asset managers were looking to restrict trading due to possible counterparty risks. Then the European Central Bank (ECB) indicated rate cuts are likely in the absence of any improvement in the economy. Markets later became convinced the Fed would also cut rates in the second half following the June 19 Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) statement and press conference, which expressed a more dovish outlook. VanEck Chief Economist Natalia Gurushina characterised the situation as “a race to the bottom among major central banks.” All of this created a consensus shift in investor sentiment and outlook for weaker growth, hence increasing risks.

Supporting gold were lower interest rates as five-year US Treasuries now carry a real (inflation adjusted) rate of 0%. Ten-year German bunds fell to a record low -0.3%. The US dollar weakened, with the US Dollar Index (DXY) falling through near-term support levels.

Hard landing cannot be ruled out

Gold is consolidating its strong gains, as China and the US agree to resume trade talks, and the S&P 500 touched new all-time highs. The gold market is now transitioning from a six-year sideways price trend. We expect to continue consolidating at around the US$1,400 level till most of August, before a new trend develops. Heading into 2020, we see one of two scenarios playing out across the markets:

1. Soft landing – Manufacturing has been weak and on the verge of recession in China, Europe and now the US A soft landing would occur if the global stimulus widely expected from central banks is able to keep a manufacturing recession from morphing into a broader recession across the entire economy. Averting a recession would be bullish for the stock market, interest rates would find a bottom, and the dollar would likely stabilise or strengthen. This might limit the upside for gold. In this scenario, we might see gold establish a new price range, supported by geopolitical risks and central bank demand.
2. Hard landing – A hard landing occurs if the current manufacturing recession transitions into a broader economic recession, causing central banks to suffer a loss of confidence. US rates would likely fall to zero or less, and the stock market might enter a correction, while financial risks escalate. Central banks may restart quantitative easing (QE) or initiate other more radical policies. In this scenario, gold would probably form a positive price trend as a safe haven investment.

Last December, the Fed likely completed a rate hiking cycle that lasted three years. The current expansion is now the longest on record, as is the bull market in stocks. Since 1950, a recession has followed 10 of 13 hiking cycles, while three ended in a soft landing. The chart below shows the last recession started three months after the Fed’s first rate cut in September 2007, while the S&P 500 peaked in October 2007. The prior recession started two months after the first rate cut in January 2001

Historical U.S. Rate Hiking Cycles and Recessions

_{Source: VanEck, Bloomberg}

While we are hopeful for a soft landing, a hard landing cannot be ruled out. The market is expecting a new cycle of rate cuts beginning in the second half of the year. Most people take out insurance on their houses, spouses, boats and cars, and the history of hard landings suggests it might be time to think about financial insurance. UBS found that over the last three decades, gold gained in four out of five periods when the Fed was cutting rates.

Gold could gain from dangerous debt levels

Recessions aren’t necessarily gold drivers; however, the financial stress that often accompanies recessions can bring a bull market for gold and gold stocks. Debt or overleverage is usually the culprit, as was seen with subprime mortgages in 2008. The chart below shows the household debt bubble of the last cycle has been replaced by a sovereign debt bubble and also a possible corporate debt bubble.

U.S. Debt to GDP

_{Source: VanEck, Bloomberg}

Sovereign debt surged following the financial crisis. Republicans used to be deficit hawks; however, since Trump was elected, deficits have been used to fund tax cuts and more spending. Few in Washington seem concerned, and perhaps it is a reflection of the mood evolving across the country. A Pew Research Center survey found 48% of Americans said deficit reduction should be a priority, compared with 72% in 2013. Trillion-dollar shortfalls are expected next year and beyond. In a recession, receipts decline and expenses increase, so the shortfall grows further. With no end in sight, we believe there would eventually be a breaking point when foreign and/or domestic investors would no longer buy US Treasuries in such quantities. At that point, Treasury rates rise, US credit may get downgraded, and the US dollar may collapse. No one knows when we will reach the breaking point, but a recession increases the likelihood.

The second potential debt problem is corporate. As a percentage of GDP, the chart shows corporate debt has now surpassed the peak of the last cycle in 2009. The key risk in this cycle is lower credit standards. The amount of triple-B rated US corporate debt – the lowest category of investment grade – has more than doubled since the crisis. It now accounts for 55% of the investment-grade market. Morgan Stanley figures that in a downturn, over US$1 trillion of this debt is at risk of being downgraded to junk status. Many funds unable to hold junk debt would be forced to sell.

Another source of risk is the US$1.3 trillion leveraged lending market, which are often packaged into collateralised loan obligations (CLOs). 80% of corporate leveraged loans have weak debt covenants, up from 6% in 2006. While banks are in better financial shape since the crisis, 85% percent of leveraged debt is held by non-banks. This suggests that significant systemic risk now rests outside of the banking sector.

As gold advocates, we focus on the risks to the financial system that may impact investment portfolios. In our view, it seems the potential for a hard landing is growing. Meanwhile, we believe debt and poor credit quality have reached levels that may bring another financial crisis.